El pretérito perfecto, también conocido como tiempo postperfecto en inglés (past perfect tense), es un tipo de tiempo gramatical que pertenece a una acción que tuvo lugar en algún momento del pasado, o incluso como antecedente de un momento actual contextualmente mencionado en el pasado.
Un ejemplo en inglés es: "We had met", "they had spoken".
Puede utilizarse para describir acontecimientos que ocurrieron en algún momento específico del pasado.
Pasado perfecto
El "past perfect" se corresponde con el pretérito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo.
Usamos el pasado perfecto en las siguientes situaciones:
1 Para referirnos a una acción o estado que comenzó en el pasado y que es anterior a otra acción también pasada.
He came when I had left.
Él vino cuando me había marchado (la acción de irme es anterior a la llegada de él).
2 Para acciones que sucedieron en un tiempo específico del pasado.
By midnight more than 1000 soldiers had died.
Para medianoche habían muerto más de 1000 soldados (acción antes de un tiempo concreto).
He hadn't been in London before 2008.
No había estado en Londres antes de 2008 (estado antes de un tiempo concreto).
3 Se usa para el estilo indirecto o "indirect speech" para decir lo que alguien ha dicho, cuando esa persona utilizó el present perfect.
'I have finished' 'He said he had finished'.
'He terminado' 'Dijo que había terminado'
4 En algunas oraciones condicionales, se traduce por el pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo.
If you'd told me before, I would have gone with you
Si me lo hubieras dicho antes, habría ido contigo
Formación del pasado perfecto
Afirmativo
Sujeto + had + past participle + ...
| Forma larga | Forma corta |
|---|---|
| I had worked | I'd worked |
| You had worked | You'd worked |
| He had worked | He'd worked |
| She had worked | She'd worked |
| It had worked | It'd worked |
| We had worked | We'd worked |
| You had worked | You'd worked |
| They had worked | They'd worked |
Ejemplos
| I had fallen asleep when the telephone rang | Me había quedado dormido cuando sonó el teléfono |
| The policemen arrived because there had been an explosion | La policía llegó porque había habido una explosión |
Negativo
El negativo tiene dos formas:
| Forma larga | Sujeto + had + not + past participle + ... |
|---|---|
| Forma corta | Sujeto + hadn't + past participle + ... |
| Sujeto + 'd not + past participle + ... |
| Forma larga | Forma corta | |
|---|---|---|
| I had not worked | I hadn't worked | I'd not worked |
| You had not worked | You hadn't worked | You'd not worked |
| He had not worked | He hadn't worked | He'd not worked |
| She had not worked | She hadn't worked | She'd not worked |
| It had not worked | It hadn't worked | It'd not worked |
| We had not worked | We hadn't worked | We'd not worked |
| You had not worked | You hadn't worked | You'd not worked |
| They had not worked | They hadn't worked | They'd not worked |
Ejemplos
| She hadn't left when I arrived at the party | No se había marchado cuando llegué a la fiesta |
| If you hadn't studied for the exam you would have failed | Si no hubieras estudiado para el examen habrías suspendido |
Interrogativo
El interrogativo se forma de la siguiente manera:
Afirmativo
Had + sujeto + past participle + ...?
Negativo
| Had + sujeto + not + past participle + ...? |
| Hadn' + sujeto + past participle + ...? |
| Afirmativo | Negativo | |
|---|---|---|
| Had I worked? | Had I not worked? | Hadn't I worked? |
| Had you worked? | Had you not worked? | Hadn't you worked? |
| Had he worked? | Had he not worked? | Hadn't he worked? |
| Had she worked? | Had she not worked? | Hadn't she worked? |
| Had it worked/gone? | Had it not worked? | Hadn't it worked? |
| Had we worked? | Had we not worked? | Hadn't we worked? |
| Had you worked? | Had you not worked? | Hadn't you worked? |
| Had they worked? | Had they not worked? | Hadn't they worked? |
Ejemplos
| Hadn't he phoned when the policeman arrived? | ¿No había llamado por teléfono cuando llegó la policía? |
| Had you paid the bill when the waiter came? | ¿Habías pagado la cuenta cuando vino el camarero? |
| What had you done before you left? | ¿Qué habíais hecho antes de iros? |
| Had they not resolved their problems before the divorce? | ¿No habían solucionado sus problemas antes del divorcio? |
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Ejercicios
Pon el verbo en la forma adecuada del past perfect.
I'd not (had not/hadn't) gone
she'd / had already sent
Had you met
My wife had not (hadn't) slept
Had they not decided/Hadn't they decided
Had she left
she'd (had) made
had not (hadn't) bought
Had she not understood / Hadn't she understood
you'd (had) asked
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La oración 7 dice: Her bicycle was stolen at the market.
Es una oración en voz pasiva.
Esta oración en voz activa seria: Someone stole her bicycle at the market. El sujeto de la oración es Someone y bicycle es el objeto que recibe la acción. Al cambiar a voz pasiva se intenta resaltar el objeto que recibe la acción por sobre quien la realiza.
Como se forma la voz pasiva en Ingles: El objeto (que recibe la acción) + verbo TO BE (en el mismo tiempo de la frase en voz activa) + verbo en participio pasado.
Muchas gracias por consultarnos.